A national survey of students in U.S. middle schools and high schools
shows some important improvements in levels of substance use.
Both alcohol and cigarette use in 2014 are at their lowest points
since the study began in 1975. Use of a number of illicit drugs also
show declines this year.
These findings come from the University
of Michigan's Monitoring the Future study, which tracks trends in
substance use among students in 8th, 10th and 12th grades. Each year the
national study, now in its 40th year, surveys 40,000 to 50,000 students
in about 400 secondary schools throughout the United States.
ALCOHOL
Alcohol use by the nation's teens continued its long-term decline in
2014. All three grades showed a decline in the proportion of students
reporting any alcohol use in the 12 months prior to the survey; the
three grades combined dropped from 43 percent to 41 percent, a
statistically significant change.
"Since the recent peak rate of 61 percent in 1997, there has been a
fairly steady downward march in alcohol use among adolescents," said
Lloyd Johnston, the study's principal investigator. "The proportion of
teens reporting any alcohol use in the prior year has fallen by about a
third."
Of perhaps greater importance, the proportion of teens
who report "binge drinking"—that is, consuming five or more drinks in a
row at least once in the two weeks preceding the survey—fell
significantly again this year to 12 percent for the three grades
combined. This statistic is down from a recent high point of 22 percent
in 1997. While this is an important improvement, say the investigators,
still roughly one in five (19 percent) 12-graders report binge drinking
at least once in the prior two weeks.
Some 12th-graders drink
even more heavily, reporting having 10 or more, or 15 or more, drinks in
a row on at least one occasion in the prior two weeks. Since 2005 (the
first year that this "extreme binge drinking" was measured), these
measures also have declined, from 11 percent to 7 percent in 2014 for 10
or more drinks, and from 6 percent to 4 percent for 15 or more drinks.
Peer
disapproval of binge drinking has been rising since 2000 among teens.
Declines in availability may be another contributing factor to the drops
in teen drinking. In recent years, there has been a fair decline in all
three grades in the proportion saying that alcohol is easy for them to
get.
CIGARETTES
Cigarette smoking also reached historical lows among teens in 2014 in
all three grades. For the three grades combined, 28 percent reported
any smoking in the prior month in 1997, the recent peak year, but that
rate was down to 8 percent in 2014.
"The importance of this major decline in smoking for the health and
longevity of this generation of young people cannot be overstated,"
Johnston said.
As with alcohol, there has been a substantial reduction in the
proportion of students who say cigarettes are easy for them to get, and
this decline continued into 2014. Increasing disapproval of smoking also
has accompanied the decline in use, as well as an increased perception
that smoking carries a "great risk" for the user. However, there were
only modest further increases in these factors in 2014.
ILLICIT DRUGS
A number of measures of illicit drug use showed declines in use this
year. The greatest decline was in students' use of synthetic marijuana—a
particularly dangerous class of abusable substances.
Synthetic
marijuana (K-2, "Spice"), sold over the counter in many
states—particularly in gas stations, convenience stores and head
shops—has synthetic chemical components of marijuana sprayed onto
shredded plant material that is then smoked. It is manufactured and sold
in an unregulated system—often being imported from overseas—and it can
be very potent and unpredictable in its effects. Side effects are many
and are reported to be as severe as acute psychosis and heart attacks.
"Most students still do not recognize synthetic marijuana as a
dangerous class of drugs, although the proportion of 12th-graders
reporting it as dangerous to use did rise significantly in 2014,"
Johnston said. "Efforts at the federal and state levels to close down
the sale of these substances may be having an effect."
The proportion of 12th-graders reporting use of synthetic marijuana
in the prior 12 months has fallen by nearly half. It was 11 percent when
first included in the survey in 2011 and was down to 6 percent in 2014.
"Bath
Salts," another class of synthetic drugs sold over-the-counter and of
particular concern a few years ago, also have declined in use, with the
percentages of students in all three grades now down to less than 1
percent.
"Fortunately, students have come to see these synthetic stimulants as
more dangerous, which they are, and that appears to have limited their
use," Johnston said.
Substantial efforts to make them illegal probably have reduced their
availability, but the availability of this drug is not measured in the
study.
Marijuana use, after five years of increasing among
teens, actually declined slightly in 2014, with use in the prior 12
months declining from 26 percent to 24 percent for the three grades
combined.
"The belief that regular marijuana use harms the user, however,
continues to fall among youth, so changes in this belief do not seem to
explain the change in use this year, as it has done over most of the
life of the study," Johnston said.
Personal disapproval of use is also down some in 8th and 12th grades.
Reported availability, on the other hand, is down significantly since
2013 in the two lower grades (and unchanged in 12th grade), which may
help to explain the modest decline in use this year.
Current
daily or near-daily marijuana use—defined as use on 20 or more occasions
in the prior 30 days—also declined some in 2014; nonetheless, it
remains quite high. About one in every 17 high school seniors in 2014
(5.8 percent) is a current daily or near-daily marijuana user, which is
down from 6.5 percent in 2013.
An index of using any illicit drug other than marijuana in the prior
12 months declined by 1.9 percent (not a statistically significant
change) to 15.9 percent in 12th grade; but in 8th and 10th grades the
prevalence was virtually unchanged and stood at 6.4 percent and 11.2
percent, respectively.
Ecstasy (MDMA) use showed a statistically significant decline in
2014. For the three grades combined use in the prior 12 months dropped
from 2.8 percent in 2013 to 2.2 percent in 2014. In 2001, the peak year
of use, the rate had reached 6 percent.
Salvia, another drug used
for its hallucinogenic properties, has fallen to quite low levels of
use, and it continued to fall significantly in 2014. For example, it was
used in the prior 12 months by 5.7 percent of the 12th-graders in 2009
but by less than 2 percent in 2014.
Use of hallucinogens other
than LSD, which for the most part involves the ingestion of
hallucinogenic mushrooms (Psilocybin or "shrooms"), is continuing a
longer-term decline. Availability of these drugs has been falling since
2001 and continued to decline in 2014.
Any prescription drug
misuse includes use of narcotics, sedatives, tranquilizers, and/or
amphetamines without medical supervision. It has been of considerable
public health concern in recent years, because most of these drugs
showed a substantial increase in use in the 1990s, which then continued
into the first decade of the 2000s, when many of the illegal drugs
already were in decline.
Only 12th-graders report on their use of all of these drugs; they
show a statistically significant decline between 2013 and 2014, from 16
percent to 14 percent, saying that they used one or more of these
prescription drugs in the 12 months prior to the survey. The gradual
turnaround began after 2005, when 17 percent indicated misuse of any of
these drugs.
"It's not as much progress as we might like to see, but at least the
number of students using these dangerous prescription drugs is finally
declining," Johnston said.
Narcotic drugs other than heroin—among
the most dangerous of the prescription drugs—have been declining in use
by 12th-graders since 2009, when 9 percent indicated using them without
medical supervision in the prior 12 months. Their use continued to drop
significantly, from 7 percent in 2013 to 6 percent in 2014. Use of
these drugs is reported only for 12th grade; students are reporting that
these drugs are increasingly difficult to obtain.
Use in the
prior 12 months of the specific narcotic analgesic OxyContin also
declined this year, significantly so in 8th grade. OxyContin use reached
a recent peak among adolescents around 2009 and use has declined since
then in all three grades. The 2014 reports of use in the past 12 months
stand at 1.0 percent, 3.0 percent and 3.3 percent in grades 8, 10 and
12, respectively.
Cough and cold medicines constitute a class of
drugs available over-the-counter in most drug stores. These medicines
usually contain the drug dextromethorphan which, when taken in large
quantities, as teens sometimes do to get high, can be dangerous. Abuse
of these drugs has been falling among teens since 2006 and declined
significantly again in 2014, with annual prevalence declining from 4.0
percent to 3.2 percent for the three grades combined.
Use of a
number of the other illicit drugs remained essentially unchanged between
2013 and 2014, including some particularly dangerous ones like heroin,
crack, methamphetamine and crystal methamphetamine. Other drugs for
which use remained unchanged in 2014 include Ritalin and Adderall—both
stimulants used in the treatment of ADHD—as well as LSD, inhalants,
powder cocaine, tranquilizers, sedatives and anabolic steroids. However,
most of these drugs are now well below their recent peak levels of use
according to the investigators.
"In sum, there is a lot of good
news in this year's results, but the problems of teen substance use and
abuse are still far from going away," Johnston said. "We see a cyclical
pattern in the 40 years of observations made with this study. When
things are much improved is when the country is most likely to take its
eye off the ball, as happened in the early 1990s, and fail to deter the
incoming generation of young people from using drugs, including new
drugs that inevitably come along."
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